Colleges For Orthopedic Surgeons

Sports medicine is a popular sub-specialty of orthopedics.

Orthopedic surgery involves the treatment of the musculoskeletal system. Medical colleges that feature orthopedic departments allow medical school graduates to complete five-year residency programs and fellowships in orthopedic surgery at hospitals and private practices. These colleges also offer students additional opportunities to engage in dynamic research in the field.

Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

Virginia Commonwealth University is a public research university located in the central Virginia capital city of Richmond. The school's Department of Orthopaedic Surgery has ranked among the top hospitals for orthopaedic surgery in U.S. News & World Report. The highly competitive program accepts only five residents each year. Alongside department faculty, VSU orthopedic residents train at the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center. In addition to training in trauma and reconstruction, residents can choose from orthopedic specializations in joint arthroplasty, sports medicine and orthopaedic oncology, among other areas. VSU's Department of Orthopaedic Surgery also offers one-year fellowships in orthopedic trauma, and joint replacement and adult reconstruction surgery.

Virginia Commonwealth University

School of Medicine

1200 East Broad St.

Richmond, VA 23298

804-828-9783

vcu.edu

Medical College of Wisconsin

The Medical College of Wisconsin is located in the state's brewery and manufacturing center of Milwaukee. Founded in 1893, today the private institution offers residency and fellowship opportunities in orthopedic surgery. The residency's comprehensive curriculum combines learning in an academic setting with private practice clinical work. Orthopedic residents are exposed to general orthopedics, as well as sub-specialties through the college's relationship with Froedtert Hospital and departmental and interdisciplinary research opportunities. MCW additionally has fellowship programs in spine surgery, primary care sports medicine and hand surgery, in addition to other areas. Some of MCW's admissions criteria require that candidates submit medical school transcripts, letters of recommendation and complete a personal interview with the school's selection committee.

Medical College of Wisconsin

8701 Watertown Plank Rd.

Milwaukee, WI 53226

414-456-8296

mcw.edu

Baylor College of Medicine

The Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, was established in 1900. Housed within Houston's Texas Medical Center, the college ranks among the best medical colleges for research in the 2010, according to U.S. News & World Report. Baylor offers post-doctoral orthopedic residency and fellowships, research and other training opportunities within the college's Joseph Barnhart Department of Orthopedic Surgery. In order for prospective students to be considered for admission into the five-year residency program, they must be graduates of an accredited medical school. Students matriculated into the program have the opportunities to participate in fellowships in sports medicine and pediatric orthopedic surgery, as well as in other areas. The program accepts 25 students each year.

Baylor College of Medicine

6620 Main St.

Houston, Texas 77030

713-986-6000

bcm.edu

Tags: Commonwealth University, Virginia Commonwealth, Virginia Commonwealth University, Baylor College, Baylor College Medicine, College Medicine, College Wisconsin

Medicare Benefits For Retirees

In 2010, 15 percent of all Americans were enrolled in Medicare.

Medicare is a federal health-insurance program meant for United States citizens aged 65 years or older. Although you do not have to be officially retired in order to qualify for Medicare, many who use the program are. Medicare offers the same benefits whether you are retired from your job or not. However, whether or not you pay a monthly premium for the insurance and the premium amount will depend on your income level.

Medicare Part A

Medicare Part A is, along with Part B, often called traditional Medicare or original Medicare. Part A is usually the first set of Medicare benefits people qualify for and enroll in. Most people do not pay premiums for Part A. If you do pay premiums and you have limited resources and income, you might be able to get premium assistance from your state. Part A covers mostly in-patient hospital services. Semi-private rooms, meals, nursing, medication and supplies are all covered during an in-patient hospital stay. Part A Medicare also has benefits for home-health and hospice care. These services may include medical supplies, skilled nursing care, medical equipment and social services. Medicare Part A has benefits for non-religious, non-medical health-care items at a religious health-care institution and post-inpatient health care at a skilled nursing facility.

Medicare Part B

Medicare Part B has benefits for preventive-care services like doctor's visits and out-patient hospital services. Other services may be covered if they are deemed medically necessary, such as a one-time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms, ambulance transportation, prosthetic limbs, rehabilitation programs, crutches, braces and chemotherapy. Medicare Part B benefits require a monthly premium, deductibles and co-payments.

Medicare Part C

Medicare Part C is usually referred to as Medicare Advantage (MA). Medicare Advantage allows private insurance companies to offer Medicare Part A and Part B with Part D coverage. MA plans usually offer benefits no other Medicare plans contain, such as vision and dental services. Medicare Advantage providers must be approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Individual states have different Medicare Advantage plans and providers. Each company is allowed to set its own MA benefits and premiums, although they are required to offer all the benefits of traditional Medicare except for hospice. MA plans can be purchased as PPO, HMO, private fee-for-service or special needs plans, depending on the state. You may also be able to combine it with a medical savings account. Most insurance companies require that you already be enrolled in both Medicare Part A and Part B before enrolling in Medicare Advantage.

Medicare Part D

Medicare Part D is prescription drug insurance. Part D is also sold by private companies. Monthly premiums, co-pays, deductibles and the kinds of medications covered vary according to your Part D plan. Part D can be bought packaged with Parts A and B in a Medicare Advantage plan, or added on its own. You are not required to purchase Medicare Part D, but if you do not enroll when you are first eligible and then change your mind later, you will probably have to pay a late enrollment fee.

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Schools For Training In Prosthetics & Orthotics

Prosthetics & Orthotics schools are becoming popular.

The National Commission on Orthotic & Prosthetic Education (NCOPE) is the accredited body for the field. Schools with allied health education programs throughout the country offer programs in prosthetics and orthotics (P&O). Two types of education are available: prosthetic and orthotic practitioner programs and orthotic and prosthetic technician programs. Several institutions without accreditation also offer P&O programs.

Prosthetic and Orthotic Practitioner Programs - Baccalaureate Degree Programs

Four universities offer Baccalaureate Degree Programs in Prosthetics & Orthotics. These are: California State University (5901 E 7th Street, Building 149, Suite 150, Long Beach, CA 90822), St. Petersburg College in Florida (P.O. Box 13489, St. Petersburg, FL 33733), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (School of Allied Health Sciences, 6011 Harry Hines Blvd., Suite V.5.400, Dallas, TX 75235-9091) and University of Washington (School of Medicine, Division of O&P, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356490, Seattle, WA 98195-6490). All institutions have Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs' (CAAHEP) accreditation.

Prosthetic and Orthotic Practitioner Programs - Post baccalaureate Certificate Programs and Master's Degrees

Three schools offer Post baccalaureate Certificate Programs. These are: California State University (see info above), Northwestern University in Illinois (Prosthetic-Orthotic Center, 680 North Lake Shore Drive, Suite 1100, Chicago, IL 60611), and Century College in Minnesota (3300 Century Ave., N. White Bear Lake, MN 55110). Connecticut offers Newington Certificate Program (181 Patricia M. Genova Drive, Newington, CT 06111). All institutions have CAAHEP accreditation.

Three institutions offer Master's Degrees in O&P: Georgia Institute of Technology (MSPO Program, School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 281 First Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0356), Eastern Michigan University (106 Welch Hall, Ypsilanti, MI 48197) and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (see info above).

Orthotic and Prosthetic Technician Programs

All Prosthetics & Orthotics Technician Programs are Associated Degree programs and have CAAHEP accreditation. Five institutions offer P&O technician programs: Baker College of Flint (1050 West Bristol Road, Flint, MI 48507), Century College in Minnesota (see info above), Francis Tuttle (12777 N. Rockwell Ave., Oklahoma City, OK 73142-2789), Oklahoma State University (1801 E. 4th, Okmulgee, OK 74447) and Spokane Falls Community College in Washington (3410 West Ft. George Wright Drive, Mail Stop 3060, Spokane, WA 99204-5288). Beside Oklahoma State University, all institutions listed offer Certificate Programs as well.

Institutions with the "Candidate for Accreditation" Status

"Candidate for Accreditation" status indicates that Prosthetics & Orthotics programs are close to CAAHEP accreditation. That means that students graduating under this status are not graduates of an accredited program. Two institutions fall into this category: Connecticut's University of Hartford (200 Bloomfield Avenue, 410J Dana Hall, West Hartford, CT 06117) and University of Pittsburgh (Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 5043 Forbes Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15260).

Tags: CAAHEP accreditation, Prosthetics Orthotics, State University, Certificate Programs, info above

Private Health Insurance Advice

Choosing the right healthcare plan can feel like gambling on the odds.

When deciding to purchase private health insurance, individuals should consider the policies' benefits and drawbacks before applying. Owners of private health insurance plans have more control over their coverage options that fit their and their families' needs. However, these policies, which are bought directly from insurance companies, can be expensive, especially for those who have health problems.

Managed Health Care Plans

Managed health care plans seek to provide cost-efficient coverages by controlling health care expenses. Members of these plans are given provider networks -- doctors, hospitals, labs -- in geographical areas that agree to charge discounted rates in exchange for business. Typically in these plans, insureds must choose a Primary Care Physician, or PCP, who acts as a gatekeeper, referring patients for additional care as needed. The three main types of managed care plans are HMOs, where you are covered only for providers within the network; PPOs, where the PCP must be part of the network, but insureds can go outside the network for additional care covered at a lower rate and Point of Service plans where the PCP has the option of referring patients outside the network. Typically these plans have no deductible, but insureds pay a copay, the amount of which varies depending on the service. The monthly cost of these plans will be based partially on the copay amount, with larger copays being less expensive than lower ones.

Indemnity Health Plans

If individuals and families value having control over their medical decisions more, they can opt for indemnity health insurance. Indemnity health coverages are considered traditional plans because they are the first health care policies sold in the U.S. These are fee-for-service plans that reimburse members after paying for their health services. Unlike managed health care coverages, members of indemnity health care plans are not given provider networks; instead they are able to see doctors of their choice without restrictions. These plans typically include a deductible, an amount that the insured must pay before insurance kicks in. The cost of the plan will be largely determined by the size of the deductible, with very high deductible plans often costing less than managed care and very low deductible plans costing considerably more.

Choosing a Plan

In addition to comparing prices, you need to also carefully check what services are covered and where you must go to receive service. If you have a strong preference as to what doctors you see or what hospitals you use, this could be a factor in decided which managed care plan to choose, or if you might even decide to go with an indemnity plan. Cost and age will also be a factor. Younger individuals may want to take a chance on a higher deductible plan on the assumption that they probably won't require as many services as someone in their 50s.

Considerations

Keep in mind that until that part of health care reform is phased in in 2014, private health insurers do not have to accept everyone who applies.Therefore, if you can, you should never drop one coverage before being approved for another. Private health insurance plans are expensive as well. The average cost of private health insurance in 2007 was $2,613 per year for an individual, but some plans can cost up to $12,000, according to SmartMoney. There are a number of websites that allow you to compare plan coverages and costs. Keep in mind that the prices quoted on these sites are a minimum. Once you apply, based on your medical history, the price will often be higher.

Tags: health care, health insurance, these plans, care plans, managed care, private health

Governing Of Health Insurance

Health insurance companies in the United States are governed by both state and federal regulations that dictate how these companies can do business. The regulations put in place by state and federal agencies are meant to help protect the consumer against unfair practices and to help ensure everyone has the opportunity to receive health insurance.

State Regulations

While there are federal regulations on health care, each state is the primary regulator of insurance and insurance-related products. Every state has basic standards for health insurance that apply to all types of health insurance products. For instance, all states require insurers to be financially solvent and able to pay claims as they arise. All states also require that payment of claims is made promptly. In addition to these regulations, each state imposes its own regulations (see Resources).

Guaranteed Issue Regulation

Guaranteed issue laws prohibit insurance companies from denying coverage to any applicant because of health issues. This law came about in the 1980s, when state policymakers enacted the guarantee issue law, stating that insurance providers had to offer at least two health plans to employers regardless of the health of its employees. This law became a federal law in 1996.

Guaranteed Renewability

The guaranteed renewability law stops insurers from canceling insurance coverage because of medical claims or any diagnosis of an illness during the coverage period. Under this law, all group and individual health insurance policies must be guaranteed as renewable. This doesn't mean an insurance company can't go out of business and cancel policies, but if a company does dissolve, there's a penalty for reentering the market within five years.

Unfair Marketing Practice Requirements

To prevent insurers from finding ways to get around the guaranteed laws, states have introduced regulations that require insurance companies to actively market insurance products to all small businesses rather than those with a healthy employee list. As of 2010, federal law doesn't require this.

Tags: insurance companies, each state, federal regulations, health insurance, health insurance, insurance products, insurers from

Give A Prostrate Self Exam

Many men dread having a prostate exam. However, the fact is that as men age the necessity of this exam becomes increasingly important. In order to identify any changes in the shape, size, or texture of the prostate in between physician conducted exams, it is a good idea to know conduct a self exam.

Instructions

1. Relax before initiating the self exam. In order to reach the prostate, it will be necessary to move past the sphincter muscles in the anus. Being in a relaxed state will make it easier for those muscles to relax and allow your finger to reach the area of the prostate.

2. Lubricate the anus. This involves applying a small amount of lubricant to the anal opening and just inside. Lubricating the opening will aid in sliding the finger into the area and help to ease the discomfort that can occur when the opening is stretched slightly. Do not use baby oil or similar products as lubricant. Instead, use an over-the-counter personal lubricant.

3. Put on the disposable rubber glove. hile this is a self examination, it is important to remember that even if you just washed your hands, there may be some residue of bacteria remaining. The sterile rubber glove helps to minimize the chance of introducing foreign bacteria into the anus.

4. Lubricate the finger you will use for the exam. Typically, the index finger is the best choice, as this finger is in a good position on the hand to control easy movement across the surface of the prostate. Use as much lubrication as you like.

5. Insert the lubricated finger into the anus. Move slowly, allowing the sphincter muscles a chance to relax. Choosing to move slowly will significantly cut down on the discomfort.

6. Trace along the surface of the prostate with the tip of the finger. Keep in mind that you are feeling along the surface through the membrane of the anal wall, not touching the prostate directly. Notice any spots where there is a change in texture, or if the prostate seems to be growing. Make note of any irregularities in the size or feel of the prostate that may be present.

7. Withdraw the lubricated finger from the anus. Dispose of the glove and use soap and water to clean the anal opening.

Tags: along surface, anal opening, finger into, into anus, lubricated finger

Breast Cancer Reconstruction Law

The Women's Health and Cancer Rights Acts protects women who wish to have breast reconstruction after a mastectomy.

The Women's Health and Cancer Rights Act was signed into law on October 21, 1998, protecting women who wish to have their breasts reconstructed after a mastectomy. This federal law mandates that all insurance companies that cover mastectomies must also cover breast reconstruction.

Who's Covered by WHCRA?

The WHCRA protects all persons whose health plans began on or after October 21, 1998. This includes health plans, health insurance companies and HMO's that cover the surgical and medical costs of a mastectomy.

What WHCRA Covers

While deductibles and co-payments may be applied, under the WHCRA, the health insurance plan must cover breast reconstruction for breasts removed by a mastectomy, surgery to make breasts symmetrical after a mastectomy, any breast prostheses need before or during reconstruction and all physical complications that may occur during the stages of the mastectomy.

Overriding Law

WHCRA is a federal law, therefore, it overrides any state law regarding breast reconstruction as long as the insurance company covers mastectomy.

Notification

Since the WHCRA is mandated by the federal government, not only will your health plan be aware of the law, but they are required to provide notice of the benefits. This notification may be included on the health insurer's website, newsletter, insert or any method of communication of their choice.

Tags: breast reconstruction, after mastectomy, Cancer Rights, companies that, companies that cover, cover breast, cover breast reconstruction

Tighten Loose Skin On Sagging Breasts

Tighten Loose Skin on Sagging Breasts

Breasts are made of milk-producing glands, tissues and fat---not muscles. Unlike with muscles, breasts cannot be easily toned or shaped. The best way to get the breasts you want is to accept the breasts you have. Of course, this is easier said than done, especially in a society that values unnaturally large, lifted breasts. Sagging breasts are a normal part of aging and are common after pregnancy and breastfeeding. While you can't directly tighten loose skin on sagging breasts, you can tone the muscles surrounding your breasts to give the appearance of a firmer bust and get rid of excess loose skin. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Get a professional bra fitting to find the right size bra for you and wear bras only of this size. Besides taking a load off your back, a properly fitted bra will keep your breasts from sagging further. An ill-fitted bra leaves your breasts at the mercy of gravity and excessive movement, both of which cause breasts to sag.

2. Develop a strength training routine to tighten the skin in your surrounding chest muscles. Strong chest muscles are like a natural push-up bra; plus, they help tighten sagging skin. Get some weights and do sets of dumbbell chest presses, dumbbell raises, chest flys and dumbbell side lateral raises. Also do push-ups and isometric contractions. Meet with a personal trainer to learn the correct way to lift weights and develop a plan to target your chest muscles.

3. Do yoga and pilates. There are many positions and exercises, such as the headstand and inverted leg stretch in yoga, that work to strengthen the chest area and fight the effects of gravity.

4. Moisturize your skin with a skin-firming lotion. There are many lotions on the market claiming to reduce fat and get rid of excess skin, but only a handful of these creams actually work. Read consumer reviews of different brands to choose the right one for you. Massage the cream over your chest area as directed.

5. Get corrective surgery to fully rid yourself of that stubborn sagging skin. A breast lift tightens skin around the chest area and removes sagging tissue while working to lift and define breasts. A breast lift with implants restores fullness via silicone implants. Of course, surgery should be a last resort and only be pursued when all other procedures fail and you absolutely want to rid yourself of any sagginess.

Tags: chest area, chest muscles, your breasts, breast lift, Loose Skin

Easy Parade Float Ideas

When time, manpower and money are not an issue, it may be possible to create a parade float that is a detailed and impressive work of art. But more often than not this is not the case. Coming up with ideas for parade floats that are simple in design and not labor intensive is not impossible, however. Working smarter, not harder, is the key. And in some cases, a good concept can end up being just as effective as an overabundance of bells and whistles.

Materials

There are some basic materials specific to float building that can help to create a polished and professional-looking float with a minimal investment of time. Metal trailers can present some real challenges when it comes to attaching decorations. Magnetic tape can remedy this challenge. This tape is usually around 1/2 inches wide and comes in 100-foot rolls. The magnetic properties of the tape allow it to stick to the metal trailer and provide a means of attachment for all kinds of decorative items. Such decorative items could include garlands, vinyl festooning, metallic fringe and foam board letters and shapes. These ready-made products also make for quick and simple float decorating. If both budget and time are matters of concern, it may be necessary to take a creative and homemade approach. As long as decorating can take place shortly before the parade, inexpensive supplies such as balloons and crepe paper streamers can be used to add color and a sense of movement. Kits that include everything needed to complete a parade float are also available. Websites such as Parade Float Stuff.com offer a wide variety of float decor items.

Scenes and Props

A simple scene can sometimes provide an effective expression of a parade theme. For example, for a Christmas parade scene of Santa's workshop can be created simply by using a wooden table, a few chairs, toys, brightly wrapped gifts and participants in elf costumes. A harvest theme can be depicted using bales of hay, bushel baskets of real produce and live "harvesters" dressed in bib overalls and checked shirts. For scenes such as these, decorating the float will simply involve covering the trailer bed or wagon floor with artificial grass mats or floral sheeting and adding some kind of covering on the side of the wagon. This covering could be colorful fabric, metallic fringe or floral sheeting. The trick is to make sure to trim the covering so that the wheels of the wagon or trailer are concealed, but the covering does not drag on the ground or impede trailer movement. Garlands and festooning can also be added along the edge of the trailer for added pizazz. Other simple props can be made ahead of time. Simple cardboard cut-outs that represent the theme of the float can be very effective. For example, a nature theme can be portrayed through cardboard cut outs of trees, flowers, or animals. Trace the design on the cardboard, outline with permanent black marker and fill in colors with ordinary acrylic craft paint.

Texture

Parade floats are often designed with different levels that add visual interest. These levels can consist of a variety of platforms covered with artificial grass or floral sheeting, or may consist of simple wood and chicken wire frames. Tissues paper squares or giant flowers made of tissue paper can provide color while concealing framework. Pushing the tissue paper squares into the chicken wire openings is a simple way to add color and texture. Giant tissue paper flowers can be created by folding the paper fan style and securing at the center with a pipe cleaner. The blossom is revealed when the tissue paper layers are gently separated and spread apart. These flowers can be interspersed among the tissue paper squares for added detail.

Tags: tissue paper, floral sheeting, paper squares, artificial grass, chicken wire, decorative items, metallic fringe

Problems With Space Exploration & Travel

Space travel is fraught with obstacles to be overcome.

Although science fiction writers make it look easy, there are still several problems that must be overcome before space travel is as common in life as it is in the movies. Space exploration requires humans to be able to travel long distances through space and survive in space for long periods of time. The demands of even beginning to explore these possibilities are testing humans' physical, psychological and technological mettle. Pushing further into space exploration means overcoming huge costs, technical problems, the limitations of the human body and the contents of space itself.

Cost

One of the biggest problems with travel to space is cost. According to The Astronomy Caf , the cost of sending anyone or anything into space was $10,000 a pound as of 2003. While the idea of space exploration captures the imagination and intrigues both nations and their governments, the bulk of government budgets are spent on practical items much closer to home, such as national defense, welfare programs and housing assistance. The high cost of space travel causes many to view it as a luxury rather than an essential government program in need of the massive funding it requires. The Astronomy Cafe reports that while NASA received 5 percent of America's federal budget in the 1960s, it received only 0.7 percent in 2003.

Technical Issues

When traveling in space, humans need to bring with them everything they need or the means to make everything they need. This means that astronauts have limited access to the tools and repair parts they may need if there is a problem with a spaceship or space station. Unfortunately, problems with spaceships do occur, as evidenced by the Challenger and other spacecraft that have met with disaster. The longer the distance traveled, the greater the odds that something could go wrong that the astronauts may not be able to fix.

The Human Factor

Traveling through space requires human beings to overcome both physical and psychological problems. Because communication with Earth is limited during space travel, it is easy for astronauts to feel isolated and depressed while in space. Long trips provide limited contact with friends and family while requiring astronauts to cohabitate in close quarters with other mission members they may not be fond of. Time spent in space also lowers blood pressure and can lead to inadequate blood flow in the brain. Experiments have shown that the longer a person is in space, the longer it takes to normalize her blood pressure after her return to Earth. Space travel also causes bone and muscle loss in addition to exposing people to potentially cancer-causing ionizing radiation found in cosmic rays.

Space Weather

Space weather refers to changes in the sun that cause changes in the atmosphere of space, such as solar flares and solar winds. Changes in space weather can be a major concern for astronauts traveling in space as they can dramatically increase the levels of radiation astronauts are exposed to. Radiation affects humans much more quickly in space because they are not sheltered by Earth's protective magnetosphere. It is also possible for a solar flare to be large enough to heat a planet's upper atmosphere. This causes the atmosphere to expand and create more drag on any spaceships in orbit, causing the orbit to decay faster and possibly knocking the craft out of orbit, sending it burning into the atmosphere.

Tags: they need, blood pressure, everything they, everything they need, into space

Medical Transcription Job Description

Medical transcriptionists spend a significant amount of time at a computer editing their work for clarity and grammar.

Medical transcriptionists play an important role in the health care industry. They must be knowledgeable of medical terminology and must be able to accurately transcribe a large amount of material. They must be able to catch errors in text and they must be comfortable using digital equipment. The work completed by medical transcriptionists is vital to the treatment a patient receives.

Job Duties

Health care professionals record dialogue to be transcribed into correspondence and medical reports. Medical transcriptionists are responsible for listening to these recordings, and typing the text into a word processor. The transcriptionist edits the text for clarity and grammar as needed. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) states, "The documents they produce include discharge summaries, medical history and physical examination reports, operative reports, consultation reports, autopsy reports, diagnostic-imaging studies, progress notes, and referral letters." Transcriptionists must receive confirmation of their work and obtain a physician’s signature. The transcript is then added to the patient’s medical file.

Work Environment

Medical transcriptionists typically work in hospitals, clinics, physicians’ offices, labs, government medical facilities, medical libraries, transcriptionist offices or their own home offices. Much of a medical transcriptionist’s job is done at a desk, so they must be able to sit for extended periods of time. They may experience back, neck, wrist or eye problems. The job can sometimes be stressful because medical transcriptionists must be accurate and must work quickly to meet deadlines. Most work a 40-hour week. Self-employed transcriptionists may work irregular hours including nights, weekends and on-call shifts.

Education

According to the BLS, "Completion of a 2-year associate’s degree or 1-year certificate program-including coursework in anatomy, medical terminology, legal issues relating to healthcare documentation, and English grammar and punctuation-is highly recommended, but not always required." Most programs provide supervised hands-on experience. Graduates can also become Certified Medical Transcriptionists or Registered Medical Transcriptionists by passing a medical transcription exam and a certification exam. To maintain their certification, they must participate in continuing education courses.

Earnings

According to the BLS, "Wage-and-salary medical transcriptionists had median hourly wages of $15.41 in May 2008." The highest 10 percent of workers made over $21.81 per hour, while the lowest 10 percent made under $10.76 per hour in 2008. Transcriptionists employed by medical and diagnostic labs made the most. Those employed by business support services earned the lowest wages.

Advancement Opportunities and Job Outlook

Medical transcriptionists can advance to supervisory positions by gaining experience. They may also become teachers, editors or consultants. Some transcriptionists start their own businesses. With additional training, others may become medical records technicians, health information technicians, health administrators or medical coders. The job outlook for medical transcriptionists is expected to increase by 11 percent through 2018. The growing elderly population will increase the demand for medical transcription services.

Tags: Medical transcriptionists, must able, they must, also become, clarity grammar

Longterm Side Effects Of Radiation Therapy

One of the major concerns for cancer patients starting radiation therapy is the worry that it will cause as many problems as it will cure, if not more. This worry is not unfounded. When radiation therapy was new, it was common for patients to develop severe side effects, particularly those being treated for Hodgkin's disease. With current medical procedures, radiation treatment creates fewer long-term side effects, but they do still occur.

Significance

During radiation therapy, the patient's body is subjected to concentrated rays of radiation. This treatment is focused on the specific area of the body that needs the treatment most, whereas previously the treatment was subjected to the entire body for some types of cancers. Because radiation can cause damage to healthy cells around the affected cancerous cells it leads to long-term side effects.

Minor side effects

Radiation therapy results in irritation of the lymphatic system. This condition, known as lymphedema, results in a buildup of fluids and swelling in the infected parts of the body. If the radiation occurs near certain abdominal organs, such as the bladder or bowel, those organs may become infected or irritated, causing difficulty in urination or excretion. Radiation therapy for the prostate typically results in diarrhea, incontinence and occasional rectal bleeding. These symptoms may last up to one year after the treatment is finished.

Secondary Cancers

Radiation therapy can cause secondary cancer by damaging healthy cells. Radiation therapy alone can cause secondary cancer, or the combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy can induce secondary cancers. Hodgkin's lymphoma radiation therapy, because it is typically performed at a young age, has a higher-than-average chance of causing secondary cancers. Leukemia is a particularly common secondary cancer that results from radiation therapy. Secondary cancers can take years to develop. The earliest cancers will usually form about five years after radiation therapy, while some will not develop for 15 years or more after therapy. According to the American Cancer Society, however, the enhanced contemporary radiation therapies makes the risk of contacting a secondary cancer very low for most patients.

Reproductive risks

A woman who is treated with radiation therapy runs the risk of having her menstrual cycle interrupted if her pelvis is treated with radiation therapy. The female patient may also begin to demonstrate early signs of menopause as a result of the radiation. If both ovaries are subjected to radiation treatments, this can result in permanent infertility. Men who receive radiation therapy for testicular cancer experience a decrease in their fertility level as well. For men who undergo radiation therapy of the prostate, erectile dysfunction is common and typically lasts up to a year following the end of treatment. Some men's erectile dysfunction is a permanent side effect of radiation therapy.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which a patient's thyroid produces low levels of the thyroid hormone. Approximately one-third of all patients who undergo radiation therapy in a region that involves the neck will develop hypothyroidism. After undergoing radiation therapy, a patient should be regularly checked by their medical professional for this condition, because it frequently occurs long after radiation therapy has been completed and the symptoms are easy to miss.

Potential

The long-term effects of radiation therapy, particularly those of secondary cancer, can be enormous. Each patient must decide if the benefits outweigh the risks. Discussing with the doctor the benefits and risk factors of radiation therapy should help the patient come to his decision.

Tags: radiation therapy, secondary cancer, side effects, after radiation, after radiation therapy

Symptoms Of A Fibrocystic Breast

Fibrocystic condition of the breast is characterized by lumpy areas, from benign fluid-filled cysts, and soreness within the breast related to monthly changes in hormone levels. It is common in women 30 to 50 years of age and is less common in postmenopausal women.

Breast Cysts

Women may have just a few or numerous cystic lumps in their breasts. Unlike cancerous lumps, cysts are movable, smooth, firm and tender to the touch.

Cyclical Changes

The breast lumps increase in size and tenderness about a week before a woman's menstrual period. Symptoms typically subside once menstruation begins.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of fibrocystic condition can be determined by aspiration with a needle and syringe in a doctor's office. Fibroid cysts, if numerous, can make the reading of a mammogram difficult.

Treatment

The pain of fibrocystic breasts is best treated by wearing a bra both day and night. In cases of severe pain, medication such as danazol, a synthetic steroid (specifically, modified testosterone) may be prescribed.

Prognosis

Symptoms usually go away after menopause but they can be alleviated by cutting fat and caffeine from the diet. However, those receiving hormone replacement therapy may continue to have cystic breasts and the tenderness that comes with the condition.

Considerations

Pain, multiple lumps and varying degrees in mass sizes mark the differences between fibrocystic condition and breast cancer.

Tags: condition breast

Holistic Properties Of Black Obsidian

Holistic Properties of Black Obsidian

Black obsidian is also known as the stone of truth. It is volcanic lava that has cooled extremely quickly and is considered a natural glass with less than 1 percent water content. It was one of the first stones to be used for knives and arrowheads, and there are holistic properties to this stone as well.

Emotional Energy

Black obsidian is used to ground your energy and as a shield for protection against negative energy. This stone also draws out mental stress and tension, so it can be used in conjunction with other techniques, such as yoga, to obtain the greatest benefits. It clears the mind of confusion and does away with emotional burdens that may be holding you down.

Personal Insight

This stone acts as a tool, making your own flaws visible to yourself and allowing you to correct those flaws. It has a mirror effect, making you see yourself as you really are and bringing light into the darkest areas of yourself.

Change

Black obsidian is also used as a tool of change; even though it encourages stability, it aids you in your desire to overcome obsessions and to change communication patterns that may be harmful. This stone is sometimes used in twelve-step programs to assist with overcoming addiction. If you are trying to make an emotional change in your life, consider keeping a black obsidian stone with you.

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Medical Transcriptionist Job Duties

More than half of MTs still work in a hospital or doctor's office.

If you are interested in the medical field and telecommuting, you may have considered a career in medical transcription. Although most medical transcriptionists (MTs) still work in hospitals, doctors' offices and other health care facilities, a growing number are working from their home offices. However, as a beginning transcriptionist, you may be required to work in your employer's office before transitioning into a telecommuting arrangement, according to the Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity (AHDI). Although transcription is your primary duty as an MT, you likely will have other job responsibilities.

Transcription

Transcription involves listening to recordings and typing the content into a word processing program. Your equipment includes a computer, headset and a foot pedal for pausing recordings. As a medical transcriptionist, you listen to recordings from doctors and other health care professionals. Examples of some of the documents you create include medical histories, consultation notes, diagnostic imaging information, physical examination notes and medical referral letters. As an MT, it is your responsibility to create these documents using the correct format and proper spelling. For this reason, you must know medical terminology in order to understand the dictation. For example, doctors may use abbreviations that you will have to spell out in the final transcribed documents. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, some health care offices now use speech recognition software that creates drafts of the dictation. If your employer uses this technology, you will listen to the recordings while reading the draft, correcting any errors along the way.

Office Duties

If you work in a doctor's office, you may be assigned office or clerical duties in addition to medical transcribing. Some employers will expect you to complete tasks typically associated with front-office staff. These duties can include receiving incoming patients, scheduling appointments and answering phones. You also may handle incoming and outgoing mail, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Research and Teaching

After you become a highly experienced MT, your job responsibilities may change. The longer you work in this field, the more likely you are to be responsible for issues that go beyond simply transcribing recordings. You will examine health information documents to ensure the correct terminology and formatting has been used. This can require you to research health information issues independently. You also may transition into more of a teaching or training role as you become an experienced medical transcriptionist. This can involve supervising a team of transcriptionists in the office to ensure they are following proper procedures. You may be involved in training inexperienced MTs and guiding them through the process of creating accurate medical documents. According to the AHDI, once you reach this stage in your career, you may do very little medical transcribing yourself.

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Types Of Medical Careers And Their Annual Salaries

Health care is a rapidly-growing industry.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) predicts the creation of 3.2 million new jobs in the health care industry from 2008 through 2018. Overall ten of the 20 fastest-growing occupations in the United States are found within the nation's health care system, explains the BLS. A number of careers exist within the field of medicine and vary in educational and licensing requirements as well as in their average pay.

Physicians and Surgeons

Physicians and surgeons are medical professionals who diagnose medical conditions and then develop treatment plans, prescribing medications and other therapies and performing operations as required. Typically, doctors earn a bachelor's degree followed by a four-year medical degree and then complete a minimum of a three year residency. For family or general physicians, the average annual salary was $161,490 as of May 2008, according to BLS. Doctors who performed operations or surgeons averaged $206,770 per year.

Registered Nurses

Registered nurses work to implement the treatment plans developed by physicians and provide education to patients and their families about health-related issues. Professionals in the field work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, physicians' offices and long-term care facilities. To become a registered nurses, students must earn at least a two-year associate degree, three-year hospital-training program diploma or four-year bachelor's degree in nursing. Registered nurses received average annual salaries of $65,130 as of May 2008, reports the BLS.

Medical Assistant

Working primarily in physicians' offices and outpatient clinics, medical assistants perform a variety of tasks that require only minimal training, such as monitoring patient vital signs and setting up the examination room prior to an appointment. Medical assistant typically attend one-year certificate or two-year associate degree educational programs. Workers in the field received averaged annual salaries of $29,060 in May 2008, according to BLS.

Nursing Assistants

Nursing assistants usually find employment in hospitals and long-term care facilities as well as with home health care services. Like medical assistants, nursing assistants often monitor patient vital signs, but preform more personal care tasks, such as assisting patients with daily living tasks like bathing, dressing, grooming, toileting and eating. Nursing assistants who work for facilities that receive payments from Medicare must complete at least 75 hours of training to work in the field, reports the BLS. In May 2008, the average annual salary for nursing assistants was $24,620, explains BLS.

Radiologic Technologists

Radiologic technologists are professionals who administer diagnostic imaging tests like x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), computed tomography (CT scans) and mammograms. To work in the field, a certificate, associate or bachelor's degree is necessary, typically requiring 21 months to four years of study, depending upon the program. Radiologic technologists received average annual salaries of $53,230 as of May 2008, according to BLS.

Surgical Technologists

Surgical technologists prepare patients for surgery and then monitor their heart rate and blood pressure throughout the procedure. Technologists also set-up operating rooms and pass instruments to surgeons during operations. Educational programs for surgical technologists usually last for nine to 24 months and result in a certificate, diploma or associate degree. As of May 2008, surgical technologists averaged annual salaries of $40,070, reports BLS.

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Why Is Health Insurance Considered Important

Having health insurance is important for a number of reasons.

Of all the types of insurance you can buy, health insurance is considered one of the most important. Unless you are independently wealthy, paying for medical treatment without the assistance of a health insurance program can be severely detrimental to your financial well-being. Without insurance, your access to health-related programs and services may either be delayed until you can accumulate necessary funds or forgone entirely.

Considerations

Medical treatment costs continue to increase at an exponential rate. Without health insurance, you may be unable to afford services and procedures necessary to improve the quality of your life. You will be forced to delay treatment until you have amassed a lump sum large enough to cover the price of your procedures. Very few medical facilities offer payment plans, and those that do require exceptional credit scores and charge interest rates that further increase costs.

Medications

Pharmaceuticals can carry significant price tags, especially drugs that are new and have no generic equivalent. Health insurance plans typically contain prescription drug provisions that set your costs to pre-defined levels regardless of the actual retail price of the medication. If you have no insurance, you must pay for drugs in full at the time they are dispensed. This could lead to excessive expenditures, most notably if you must take a regular monthly maintenance medication to treat an ongoing issue.

Benefits

The majority of Americans are covered under managed care health insurance programs, which rely on the existence of a pre-defined network of physicians and facilities contracted with the carrier. If you require specialized care, you can seek treatment from any doctor or hospital within your insurance company's network. This feature allows you to obtain services from the best providers available, without additional costs. If you have no insurance, treatment provided by more highly acclaimed expert physicians will undoubtedly cost significantly more.

Children's Care

If you have children, health insurance is considered extremely important. The cost of routine annual check-ups and vaccinations can be excessive, and these procedures are not only mandatory for public school enrollment, but vital to the well-being of your children. Having multiple children compounds the already exorbitant expense of simply protecting your family against childhood illnesses and disease.

Potential

Most health insurance plans include a plethora of ancillary services provided at no additional cost to covered members. These services typically include unlimited telephone consultations with qualified medical personnel who can answer personal questions, as well as access to other programs intended to improve the quality of your life and increase your knowledge regarding healthy decision-making. Many insurance carriers also offer ancillary services that include non-medically related programs like attorney consultations and financial planning advice. Without health insurance, your access to these benefits would be restricted unless you paid potentially significant fees.

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A List Of Cancerfighting Foods

A List of Cancer-Fighting Foods

According to the National Cancer Institute, approximately 1/3 of all Cancer deaths can be attributed to our diets. The recommended diet is not complicated or expensive. There are many foods and even spices that could very well help in the fight against Cancer. The Cancer Cure Foundation claims that many healthy food selections will help reduce the possibility of contracting cancer, and could shrink tumors.

Factors Contributing to Cancer

There are many factors that can contribute to cancer. According to Mayo Clinic, poor diet, obesity and smoking can cause cancer. Heredity is also a factor in some forms of cancer. It is easy enough to protect yourself from skin cancer. You should use sun block during the daytime hours to protect your skin from ultra-violet rays

Best Vegetables

Cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussel sprouts and cabbage contain two major antioxidants--lutein and zeanthin. These antioxidants may help fight against prostate cancer. Most of the fresh vegetables in the grocery store contain antioxidants, vitamins and minerals, which may aid in the prevention of cancer.

Best Fruits and Nuts

Oranges and lemons stimulate the immune system to fight off cancer cells. Papayas have vitamin C, which works as an antioxidant. Raspberries contain many vitamins and minerals which help protect against cancer. Nuts contain many antioxidants, which may suppress the growth of tumors.

Tea

The Cancer Cure Foundation explains that tea is found to have cancer-fighting abilities. Although all teas are good for the body, green tea is made from unfermented tea leaves. Therefore, it has the highest concentration of antioxidants. The antioxidants in tea are called polyphenols.

An article published in 2007 by the University of Maryland Medical Center explains that polyphenols are believed to fight free radicals. Although free radicals occur naturally in the body, they are believed to be the contributing cause of many diseases, including cancer. The polyphenols in green tea may neutralize these free radicals, and may even reduce or prevent damage to the body.

Spices and Peppers

According to the Cancer Cure Foundation, garlic contains allum compounds that appear to support the immune system. Turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family, also helps fight cancer. Hot chile peppers and jalapenos contain capsaicin, which is believed to be a cancer fighting agent. Rosemary, which is a flavorful spice, may help in the fight against cancer.

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Treatment For Parenchymal Kidney Disease

Treatment for Parenchymal Kidney Disease

Treatment for parenchymal kidney disease seeks to remove excess salt, water and harmful substances from the bloodstream. Patients learn to manage their kidney disease by restricting their intake of salt, potassium, and protein; treating their high blood pressure; managing their diabetes; and taking erythropoietin ("epo"), a hormone that helps bone marrow to produce healthy blood cells.

Causes

Patients typically inherit this disease. Hormones and microbes found in the blood identify the disease. High blood pressure and diabetes can also cause this disease.

Identification

Parenchymal refers to the location of the disease-the kidneys.The disease causes scarring and kidneys lose their function whenever scar tissue forms. Often this scarring can lead to kidney failure.

Symptoms

Symptoms of kidney disease include blood in the urine, abnormal blood tests, high blood pressure, swelling in the feet and lower legs, arms, or face, and symptoms of urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections do not usually mean kidney disease exists, but a patient should contact his physician. Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, sleepiness, itching, twitching, and a metallic taste in the mouth indicate chronic kidney disease.

Diagnosis

Doctors use abdominal ultrasounds to find cysts, a urine analysis and a cystic fluid exam. Elevated blood urea nitrogen concentration and serum creatinine concentrations confirm whether a patient who has had an ultrasound showing cysts has parenchymal kidney disease.

Treatment for Kidney Failure

Hemodialysis requires a machine to filter your blood outside your body. You can undergo hemodialysis at home or at a center. Kidney transplantation is an option in severe cases.

Tags: kidney disease, blood pressure, high blood, high blood pressure, this disease, Treatment Parenchymal, Treatment Parenchymal Kidney

How Much Money Does A Firefighter Make An Hour

Fire trucks are essential transport for firefighters.

Firefighters protect lives and property from fires and other emergencies. They can work in densely populated cities, small towns, rural areas, forests or industrial facilities. A high school diploma is the typical minimum requirement for applying to be a firefighter; successful applicants usually spend several weeks training at a fire academy.

Environment

Much of the firefighters' time is spent at the station maintaining equipment and learning additional skills. However, their work becomes hazardous when they respond to fires, which can happen at any time of day or night,or in any weather. Common causes of injury or death on the job include collapsing walls, floors caving in, exposure to flame and smoke, and exploding substances. The necessary protective gear can become heavy and hot. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or BLS, firefighters earn a median of $21.66 per hour, with a range of $11.05 to $35.76 as of May 2009.

Employers

The biggest employer of firefighters is local government; municipal fire departments account for 91 percent of the 305,500 jobs in 2009, according to the BLS. Salaries for municipal firefighters are near average at $23.01. The best-paying employers are computer systems design and services, where knowledge of putting out fires without damaging sensitive equipment is essential. The hourly pay at these jobs is $30.57.

Geography

The state with the best opportunities for firefighters is Ohio, with a job concentration of 3.8 per 1,000 workers; however compensation is below average at $19.79. The best pay rates are in New Jersey at $34.53. For cities, the best concentration of jobs is in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, with 9.5 positions per 1,000, but the pay here is low at $16.83. The best-paying opportunties are in Los Angeles, with a mean wage of $44.18 and a concentration of 2.0. positions per 1,000 workers.

Outlook

The BLS sees firefighting positions increasing at 19 percent from 2008 to 2018, which is faster than average. Much of the growth will come from volunteer firefighting positions being converted to paid jobs. The increasing density of cities also will increase demand. Competition will be keen because of the low educational requirements and the guaranteed pension after 25 years of service. The number of applicants usually exceeds the available job openings.

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Technology Required For Dna Testing

The technology used in DNA testing involves scanning 13 specific regions of DNA. There is only a very small possibility that, once the scan is complete and the DNA identified, the DNA could belong to another person. This DNA testing, or scanning, can be done utilizing five different technologies.

Functions

DNA testing can be done to match evidence with possible criminals, and victims, at crime scenes. This testing can also rule out crime suspects. On a personal level, DNA testing can determine a child's paternity and even match organ donors to potential recipients.

Features

DNA testing is done by exposing genetic material to enzymes and charting the result, scanning and analyzing specific DNA sequences, extracting specific proteins from DNA, and analyzing genetic markers to determine such things as paternity.

Considerations

Forensic scientists have applied all the various technologies to test DNA to smaller and smaller samples of genetic material. At the inception of DNA testing, some tests required the use of genetic material at least the size of a U.S. quarter dollar. Now DNA testing can even be tried when biological evidence is sparse.

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Programs For Health Insurance In Arizona

Arizona does not have a state-sponsored high-risk insurance plan.

Arizona residents who are over 65 or have a disability can qualify for federal Medicare coverage; those with low incomes might be able to qualify for the state-administered Medicaid program. Arizonans are also eligible to apply for the federal Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan (PCIP). If they do not qualify for these government programs, they can seek private coverage through insurers doing business in the state.

Medicare and Medicaid

Medicare is a federal program that insures retired people age 65 and older and those who suffer from disabilities. Medicaid as administered by Arizona and other states provides health insurance options to individuals and families who cannot afford to pay for coverage on their own. Arizona residents may apply for Medicaid through the Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS). To apply for Medicare, residents must contact the local office of the federal Social Security Administration (SSA).

Individual Insurance

Individual insurance plans in Arizona are provided by private insurers. State regulations require all individual insurers to provide benefits such as breast cancer screenings, care for diabetes-related conditions and care for pregnant women. Additional benefits vary by policy and insurer but typically include hospital coverage, preventative care, physicians' visits, emergency care, x-rays, laboratory work and physical exams. Insurers can deny coverage to any individual who does not meet the company's underwriting criteria. Insurance premiums are based on the same criteria.

Federal Assistance

The federal Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan (PCIP) provides quality and affordable health insurance coverage to Arizona residents who cannot qualify for traditional insurance and do not have access to insurance through an employer. The plan provides health benefits for prescription drugs, primary and specialty care, emergency room services and inpatient and outpatient surgery. Arizona residents have three plans to choose from. Premiums are based on plan benefits and age.

Considerations

With the exception of employer-sponsored group insurance plans, Arizona residents must qualify personally for coverage with all private health insurance programs. Each insurer has different criteria. Residents who are turned down by an insurer or do not qualify for government programs should consider a "limited" insurance plan that does not have health or income restrictions. Check with a broker or database of private insurers for information about such plans.

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Historical Facts About Mexico City

Mexico City became one of the most important Spaniard cities in the Americas by 1530, and had renowned architecture by the eighteenth century. In 1821, Mexico finally gained its freedom from Spain, and the new republic declared Mexico City the nation's capital in 1824. Today, it is the largest city in Mexico, and also its capital.

Founding Date

Mexico City was founded on June 8, 1325, and was initially named Mexico-Tenochtitlan.

Built on Ruins

Mexico City is built on the ruins of an old Aztec city named Tenochtitlan.

Canal

The central canal was built in 1900 and runs to the Panuco River.

Sinking

The city's heaviest buildings are sinking at a rate of 4 to 12 inches per year due to the artisan wells and drainage lowering the water tables, making the ground too weak to hold them.

Earthquakes

Mexico City is built in an area of great seismic activity, with extensive earthquake damage caused in 1957 and 1985. Over 30,000 people were left homeless from the earthquake in 1985.

Population Growth

Mexico City's population more than doubled between 1930 and 1950.

World's Longest Avenue

Mexico City houses one of the world's longest avenues, Avenida Insurgents.

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Primary & Secondary Lymphoma

Healthy white blood cells

Lymphoma is a cancer that originates in some forms of white blood cells. It is the most common blood-related cancer, and makes up over five percent of cancers worldwide. There are a number of options for treating and curing lymphomas.

Hodgkin's Disease

This is a type of primary lymphoma specifically characterized by its pattern of systemic spreading from one lymph node to another. It is named after Thomas Hodgkin, the man who first described it.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

These are types of primary lymphomas that do not spread systematically and can take a number of different forms. The characteristics used to classify them has varied over the past 20 years.

Treatment of Primary Lymphomas

Like other cancers, lymphomas are treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. If detected early, the survival rate for a lymphoma is high.

Secondary Lymphoma

Secondary lymphomas may arise as a side effect of chemotherapy or radiatiotherapy used to treat other types of cancer. They may also be a result of a primary lymphoma metastasizing to other parts of the body.

Treating Secondary Lymphoma

Treatment of secondary lymphoma is similar to that of primary treatment. Other treatments may include surgery to remove the cancer cluster or bone marrow transplants.

Tags: Secondary Lymphoma, blood cells, primary lymphoma, white blood, white blood cells

Medical Sonography Jobs

Control panel of ultrasound scanner.

Medical sonography is a procedure that allows physicians and medical specialists to see closer images of body organs and tissue via frequency waves. Often, medical sonography is used to diagnose diseases and disorders. Those interested in medical sonography have the option of choosing from a variety of careers. These careers range from sales representatives to diagnostic medical sonographers.

Sales Representatives

Because medical sonography involves the use of technology and equipment, medical sonography sales reps seek to sell this technology and equipment to hospitals, clinics and laboratories. Often, sales reps visit these facilities in-person and are expected to be familiar with all aspects of the technology and equipment. According to Salary.com, the median salary for medical sales reps (which includes medical sonography sales reps) is approximately $61,192.

Instructors

The duties of a medical sonography instructor includes developing a curriculum, participating in college programming meetings and events and teaching. Medical sonography instructors are also expected to travel--often for medical conferences or seminars. Some medical sonography instructors are hired by hospitals and laboratories.Generally, instructors are expected to have experience as a diagnostic medical sonographer with certification by the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. Instructors must be able to develop and implement an academic and clinic-based curriculum geared for advanced students and remedial students alike.

Diagnostic Medical Sonographers

There are many specialties for sonographers to pursue: gynecology sonography, breast sonography and neurosonography are just a few areas. Sonographers work closely with physicians to provide basic diagnosis information. Additional duties of a diagnostic medical sonographer include explaining testing procedures to patients, keeping patients' records and purchasing new equipment. Those interested in the career should attend a 4-year or 2-year program with an emphasis on medical sonography. After receiving a degree, diagnostic medical sonographers must be certified by the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonography and pass its exam.

Tags: sales reps, medical sonography, technology equipment, American Registry, American Registry Diagnostic, diagnostic medical, diagnostic medical sonographer

Breast Cancer Month Canada

Breast Cancer Month- Canada

Like the rest of the world, Canada celebrates Breast Cancer Awareness Month in October. Unfortunately, Canada is also like the rest of the world in that a significant percentage of its citizens are affected by breast cancer, not to mention the other various forms of cancer, every year. According to the Canadian Cancer Society, two of every five Canadians will develop cancer at some point throughout their lives. The society notes that breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer for its citizens, with 22,300 Canadian women being diagnosed with the disease in 2007. This has made the efforts to educate women about treatments and preventions even more vital during Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

Run for the Cure

The Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation's CIBC Run for the Cure is typically on the first Sunday in October in more than 50 communities throughout Canada. In 2008, the run raised $28.5 million. This made it the largest one-day event that raises money for breast-cancer research and a cure in Canada.

Corporate Sponsors

Numerous local and international corporations sponsor events, fundraisers and other Breast Cancer Awareness Month activities. Curves, the all-female fitness chain, offers new members discounted service fees if they can prove that they've recently had a mammogram. Carpet One releases 10 specially designed welcome mats that contain pink ribbons. Every October, Energizer makes a significant donation of approximately $40,000 to the Canadian Cancer Society and includes a pink-ribbon pin in specially marked battery packs.

Items to Purchase

In addition to raising money, raising awareness about breast-cancer statistics, risks, preventions, diagnoses and screenings is a big part of Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Though most communities and provinces create their own educational programs and products, the Canadian Cancer Society sells the Thingamaboob, a key chain with two differently sized beads on the end of it. These beads are meant to educate women about what a breast lump may feel like.

Education

Numerous organizations and societies publicize their statistics about breast cancer in order to educate Canadian women during Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Some of the leading organizations that participate in this dissemination of information include the Canadian Cancer Society, Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation, Canadian Breast Cancer Patient Charter and the Breast Cancer Society of Canada. Materials that are typically handed out include information on the definition, risk factors, early detection and screening methods, symptoms, diagnosis, staging and treatments available for breast cancer.

Taking Steps Against Breast Cancer

Though it's not as large as the countrywide Run for the Cure event, the Canadian province of Ontario hosts a walk of its own, Taking Steps Against Breast Cancer. This 10K walk is geared toward families who can bring their strollers, wagons, pets and more to walk together in unity against breast cancer during October.

Tags: Breast Cancer, Awareness Month, Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Awareness, Cancer Awareness, Cancer Awareness Month

The Duties & Responsibilities Of A Radiologic Technologist

Radiologic technologists are responsible for imaging a patient's body properly.

Radiologic technologists work with radiologists, who diagnose a variety of conditions based on the work the technologists perform by imaging certain areas of a patient's body according to the radiologist's directions. A radiologic technologist can be trained to perform X-rays, sonograms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), mammographies and other radiologic procedures.

Patients

Radiologic technologists take patients into the room where the radiological procedure will be performed and explain the procedure to the patient, answering any questions the patient has. If the procedure involves the patient ingesting any specialized fluids to enhance the view of soft tissues inside the body, the technologist prepares the fluids and ensures the patient ingests the liquid per instructions. Radiologic technologists also position the patient properly for the procedure, placing any protective shielding onto the parts of the body that will not be examined.

Equipment

Radiologic technologists operate the equipment used for any procedures, such as X-ray machines, catheters, stents and MRI equipment. The technologist ensures the devices that will be used for each procedure are not only set up correctly but are also in proper working condition. The radiologic technologist records the results of the procedure, according to instructions from the radiologist, for review by the radiologist and any other health practitioners treating the patient.

Regulations

To become a radiologic technologist, you must go through a certification course or a degree program from either a hospital or a school, where proper procedures are taught. Many states have separate requirements to become certified as a radiologic technologist, and require that you go through continuing education courses periodically. Additionally, technologists must follow government regulations concerning properly protecting parts of a patient's body that will not be imaged during a procedure, as well as ensuring the protection of any other individuals present during the procedure.

Records

Radiologic technologists maintain patient records, making note of details about a procedure and including copies of images captured during the procedure. Technologists keep records about the maintenance of the equipment they use, as well as helping to evaluate equipment for future purchase. Some radiologic technologists manage other technologists, organizing work schedules and employee records.

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Detect A Swollen Thyroid

A swollen thyroid is also known as a goiter. A goiter can be caused by issues with your thyroid, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and multiple nodules. Although a swollen thyroid is usually not life-threatening, you should have it checked with an endocrinologist, as some goiters can become cancerous.

Instructions

Detection

1. Feel your thyroid. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland, located in the front of your throat. Usually you cannot feel it. However, if you feel or see a small lump, this is indicative of a swollen thyroid.

2. Check for related symptoms. According to Mayo Clinic, a goiter can cause breathing or swallowing difficulties, throat tightness, coughing and a hoarse voice.

3. Look at your family health history. Mayo Clinic reports that a family history of autoimmune diseases like goiters increases your risk of developing one. However, family history of other thyroid problems such as hypothyroidism should not be overlooked, as such disorders are sometimes linked to a swollen thyroid.

Diagnosis

4. Call your doctor for a referral to an endocrinologist, a specialist who treats endocrine gland disorders such as those with the thyroid. You may be able to make an appointment directly with an endocrinologist, depending upon your health insurance policy.

5. Get a blood test done, per your doctor's orders. According to Mayo Clinic, your endocrinologist will determine your thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and antibody levels in your blood. If you have a goiter, your blood work will likely show a presence of abnormal thyroid antibodies as well as a high TSH level.

6. Take a thyroid sonogram. During the test, your endocrinologist will be able to see how many, if any, nodules are present on your thyroid. These nodules are fluid-filled cysts, which are usually benign. Still, it is imperative that any suspected nodules be checked by an endocrinologist to rule out cancer. He may even take a biopsy out of one of the nodules to check for cancer cells.

7. Follow treatment orders. If your goiter is related to hypothyroidism, you will be prescribed thyroid hormone replacements such as Synthroid to help reduce and prevent further swelling. Radioiodine may be administered for hyperthyroid patients in order to destroy some of the extra thyroid hormones which make the thyroid swell. In more serious cases, your goiter may require surgical removal, especially if you experience breathing difficulties. Surgery is also used for malignant goiters.

Tags: your thyroid, Mayo Clinic, swollen thyroid, According Mayo, According Mayo Clinic, endocrinologist will, family history

Medical Schools In Belize

Belize offers offshore medical school training for U.S. students.

Offshore medical schools provide potential students with an option for education in another country. Offshore schools might appeal to students who have been denied admission to U.S. medical schools but who still have the drive and determination to seek out their medical education. Belize, a small Central American country bordering both Mexico and Guatemala, has three medical schools that provide didactic instruction for medical school students. Additionally, all of Belize's programs have a component for clinical training in the United States.

Central America Health Sciences University

Central America Health Sciences University (CAHSU) has been in operation since 1996. Patterned after U.S. medical schools, CAHSU has both didactic and clinical experiences at its Belize City campus. Students can finish their basic sciences curriculum in as little as 20 months. CAHSU is recognized by the Educational Commission on Foreign Medical Graduates. 2009-10 tuition is about $6,000 USD per semester.

Central America Health Sciences University

Office of Admissions

P.O. Box 55996

Washington, DC 20040

(877) 523-9687

Medical School of the Americas

Medical School of the Americas boasts a small student population--about 50 students, which allows for a student-to-teacher ratio of 6 to 1. This small school environment is appealing to students who prefer individualized instruction. Located on the island of Ambergris Caye, Belize's largest island, it truly offers medical school education with an island feel. Tuition for Medical School of the Americas is approximately $6,000 USD per semester.

Medical School of the Americas

1000 Coconut Drive

P.O. Box 127

San Pedro, Ambergris Caye

(501) 226-3744

InterAmerican School of Medical Science

InterAmerican School of Medical Science is about seven miles south of the Mexican border and has a clinical relationship with Bethesda Medical Centre in Belize. Here, students will spend four years on both didactic and clinical work, ensuring that both aspects of medical school education is thoroughly covered. InterAmerican School has staff who come from many countries and prides itself on its multicultural educational offerings. Tuition is approximately $5,000 USD per semester.

InterAmerican School of Medical Science

US Information Office:

10 N. Post St., Suite 642

Spokane, WA 99201-0705

(509) 838-0592 or (877) DOCSTUDY

Tags: InterAmerican School, Medical School Americas, School Americas, America Health, America Health Sciences, Central America

Salary Of An Xray Technician In Radiology

Radiologic techs earn varying salaries based on location and industry.

In radiology, diagnostic imaging examinations such as X-rays and CT scans are performed by radiologic technicians. Licensing and training is required, though the specifics vary from state to state, as do the salaries. Other factors that affect the salary of an X-ray technician in radiology include the type of clinic or facility in which they work and their level of experience.

Salary Information

On average, radiology X-ray techs earn $54,180 per year in the U.S. as of May 2009, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The salary scale ranges from $35,700 to $75,440, with the median salary at $53,240. Technicians in the 25th percentile earn $43,510 annually, while those in the 75th percentile earn $64,070.

Common Industries

X-ray technicians in radiology are most frequently found in hospitals and clinics, though a fair amount are employed by the federal executive branch for an annual salary of $56,140. In hospitals, the salary is $54,770, while in the offices of physicians, the average is $50,860. Radiologic techs in medical and diagnostic laboratories earn above the average salary at $57,250, and those working in outpatient care centers earn below the average at $52,950.

High Salaries

While employment levels in other industries might not be as high for X-ray technicians in radiology, the salaries may be well worth it. In speciality hospitals, the average salary for these techs is $58,320. In the industries of office administrative services and employment services, radiologic techs earn $58,360 and $59,620 per year respectively. Those working in management, scientific and technical consulting services earn still higher at $61,970, while the highest salary average is in the industry of scientific research and development services at $64,800 annually.

Salary by State

X-ray technicians earn different wages in different states, largely due to demand and cost of living. The five states with the highest concentration of radiologic techs are West Virginia, South Dakota, Kentucky, Tennessee and Rhode Island, with salary averages ranging from $41,400 to $48,960 for the first four and $60,840 for Rhode Island. Massachusetts, Nevada, Maryland, Hawaii and Washington D.C. are the five highest paying states for X-ray techs, with salary averages ranging from $63,270 to $68,530.

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Get Medicaid Benefits

Medicaid is a joint federal and state program.

The Medicaid program offers medical and medically related services to qualified individuals. While each state sets it own eligibility requirements, the Medicaid program most often benefits low-income women, children, elderly people and individuals with disabilities. Those who qualify must apply at the state level. States like California can process a Medicaid benefits application within 45 days.

Instructions

1. Check eligibility by visiting the GovBenefits and BenefitsCheckUp websites or by contacting a local county welfare office in your city. Individuals who are 65 or older, blind, disabled, pregnant, or diagnosed with breast or cervical cancer may qualify for Medicaid.

2. Complete an online application. Visit your state's Medicaid program website to print an application. (See Resources) You can also obtain a Medicaid benefits application at the nearest social services office in your county.

3. Fill out a Medicaid benefits application, which is only available through your state's Medicaid program website or a social services office in your county.

4. Provide information about yourself, your family or children under your charge. Include information such as: 1) the first and last name of the applicant; 2) his physical address, city, state and zip code; 3) gender; 4) marital status; 5) physical and mental health.

5. Disclose whether or not you are or have received food stamps, Social Security Insurance or cash aid.

6. Provide the name of each child under your charge, along with the health status of each parent. For example, identify one or both parents as disabled.

7. List all sources of income including Social Security insurance and itemize household expenses.

8. Sign and date the application. A Medicaid benefits application is not valid without a signature.

9. Mail your completed application to your nearest social services office in your county. You will receive written notification in the mail telling you if your Medi-Cal application is approved or denied. Processing times vary by state.

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About Gum Cancer

About Gum Cancer

Gum cancer is a disease that affects more men than women, and the incidences of this form of cancer are increasing in younger males who use snuff -- a moistened form of tobacco powder commonly placed between the gum's and cheek. Tens of thousands of new gum cancer diagnoses are reported every year, ranking gum cancer the sixth most common cancer.

Identification

Gum cancer, also known as oral cancer, is a disease that affects not only the gums but can also penetrate the upper and lower jaws, lips, tongue and the cheeks. These areas are all parts of the oral cavity that may be affected by a malignancy.

Considerations

If you find that you have a painful sore in your mouth that continues to reoccur and seems like it will not heal, you may want to consider speaking to your doctor. Also, bumps that are red or white in color and last for more than four weeks, as well as difficulty swallowing or chewing, may also be symptoms of gum cancer that are worth mentioning.

Expert Insight

The presence of oral cancer can be verified by a physician. If symptomatic, a patient is physically examined and an X-ray is usually ordered. In addition, a biopsy may be done. During a biopsy, the doctor removes a small area of tissue from the area in question, which is then checked for cancer cells under a high-powered microscope. The patient feels no pain during the biopsy, which is performed under a local anesthetic.

Treatments

Gum cancer treatments vary depending on how the disease has spread and what areas of the oral cavity have been affected. Most often, surgery to remove the diseased tissue and cells is performed. If the disease has spread into the lymph nodes of the neck, they are often surgically removed as well. Radiation or chemotherapy is usually given after surgery to help kill any lone cancer cells that may have strayed into other areas of the body or were missed during surgery.

Prevention/Solution

Tobacco use is the leading cause of gum cancer. Cigarette smoking, pipe smoking, cigar smoking and snuff can all introduce dangerous carcinogens into the area of the oral cavity, creating unhealthy growths and tumors. Excessive alcohol abuse can also be a factor in the development of gum cancer.

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