Lymphoma is a form of cancer that arises from the lymphocytes. There are various types of lymphoma, and lymphoma is often categorized into stages. Stage II typically involves two or more affected lymph nodes in either the thorax or the abdomen.
History
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects lymphocytes (these are a type of white blood cell). Lymphomas are similar to lymphocytic leukemias, except for the fact that leukemia cells do not form tumors. There are multiple types of lymphomas, and lymphomas are also part of a larger set of cancers called hematological neoplasms, which are all cancers involving blood cells.
Types
There are many different types of lymphomas, depending on the type of cell that is causing the cancer. The most common types of lymphoma are those involving the B cells, the T cells, and natural killer cells, all of which are part of the body's immune response. The staging system, used to classify the extent to which the cancer has spread, is typically used for Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the latter being a blanket term for various lymphoma types.
Identification
Hodgkin's lymphoma is normally identified because it tends to follow a very orderly and linear path of spreading, from one lymph node to the next. Also, in advanced cases, it can cause symptoms that affect the entire body, not just the locally affected areas. In addition, Hodgkin's lymphoma can be identified by a unique cell present within the tumor, called a Reed-Sternberg cell. When detected early, it has a very high cure rate of up to 98%, especially when treated with combination chemotherapy.
Considerations
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma is a term used for a variety of lymphomas. Because there are many subtypes, they tend to be classified according to aggressiveness. Subtypes that are not aggressive can be mroe of a chronic condition and may go unnoticed for years. On the other hand, very aggressive subtypes can quickly be fatal if not treated immediately.
Expert Insight
The process of staging involves a series of examination, including a CT or MRI scan, blood tests, and a physical exam to determine how far the cancer has spread. Stage I signifies the involvment of just one lymph node. If multiple lymph nodes are involved but they are all on the same side of the diaphragm, the lymphoma is said to be at stage II. Stage III involves lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm, sometimes including the spleen. If the cancer spreads to other organs that are not a part of the lymph system, the lymphoma is said to be at stage IV.
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